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Sartor Resartus
''Sartor Resartus'' (meaning 'The tailor re-tailored') is an 1836 novel by Thomas Carlyle, first published as a serial in 1833–34 in ''Fraser's Magazine''. The novel purports to be a commentary on the thought and early life of a German philosopher called Diogenes Teufelsdröckh (which translates as 'god-born devil-dung'),〔"The full name, Diogenes Teufelsdröckh, God-born Devil's Dung, indicates the combination in one person of the half malicious Swiftian satire with the ethereal idealism of a Fichte or a Goethe. Carlyle calls attention to this twofold nature of his hero in numerous places. In the chapter on ''Reminiscences'' the editor remembers seeing in his eyes 'gleams of an ethereal or else a diabolic fire'; in the chapter on ''Characteristics'' we are told that his voice screws itself aloft 'as into the song of spirits, or else the shrill mockery of fiends,' that at times we distinguish 'gleams of an ethereal love, 'soft wailings of infinite pity,' and at others "some half invisible wrinkle of a bitter sardonic humor" so that 'you look on him almost with a shudder, as on some incarnate Mephistopheles.' His eyes again are described as sparkling with lights, which 'may indeed be reflexes of the heavenly stars, but perhaps also gleams from the region of Nether Fire'." — Johnson, William Savage (1911). "Sartor Resartus." In: (''Thomas Carlyle: A Study of his Literary Apprenticeship, 1814-1831'' ). New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 113–114.〕 author of a tome entitled "Clothes: their Origin and Influence", but was actually a poioumenon.〔Fowler, Alastair. ''The History of English Literature'', p. 372 Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA (1989) ISBN 0-674-39664-2〕 Teufelsdröckh's Transcendentalist musings are mulled over by a skeptical English Reviewer (referred to as Editor) who also provides fragmentary biographical material on the philosopher. The work is, in part, a parody of Hegel, and of German Idealism more generally. However, Teufelsdröckh is also a literary device with which Carlyle can express difficult truths.
==Background==
Archibald MacMechan surmised that the novel's invention had three literary sources. The first being ''The Tale of a Tub'' by Jonathan Swift, whom Carlyle intensely admired in his college years, even going by the nicknames "Jonathan" and "The Dean". In that work, the three main traditions of Western Christianity are represented by a father bestowing his three children with clothes they may never alter, but proceed to do so according to fashion. The second being Carlyle's work translating Goethe, particularly ''Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship'', ''The Sorrows of Young Werther'', and ''Faust'', both of which are quoted and explicitly referred to, especially in Teufelsdröckh's crisis being named "The Sorrows of Young Teufelsdröckh". The third being ''Tristram Shandy'' from which Carlyle quotes many phrases, and he referred to earlier in his letters.〔"My first favourite books had been ''Hudibras'' and ''Tristram Shandy''." qtd in 〕
Carlyle worked on an earlier novel, ''Wotton Reinfred'' which Macmechan refers to as "The first draft of ''Sartor''". Carlyle finished seven chapters of the semi-autobiographical novel depicting a young man of deeply religious upbringing being scorned in love, and thereafter wandering. He eventually finds at least philosophical consolation in a mysterious stranger named Maurice Herbert who invites Wotton into his home and frequently discusses with him speculative philosophy. At this point the novel abruptly shifts to highly philosophical dialogue revolving mostly around Kant. Though the unfinished novel deeply impressed Carlyle's wife Jane, Carlyle never published it and its existence was forgotten until long after Carlyle's death. Macmechan suggests that the novel provoked Carlyle's frustration and scorn due to his "zeal for truth and his hatred for fiction" spoken of in his letters of the time. Numerous parts of ''Wotton'' appear in the biographical section of ''Sartor Resartus'', in which Carlyle humorously sentences them to the bags containing Teufelsdröckh's autobiographical sketches, which the editor constantly complains about being overly fragmented or derivative of Goethe. Though widely and erroneously reported as having been burned by Carlyle, the unfinished novel is still extant in draft form, several passages being moved verbatim to ''Sartor Resartus'' but with their context radically changed.
Carlyle had difficulty finding a publisher for the novel and began composing it as an article in October 1831 at Craigenputtock.〔Fred Kaplan, ("Carlyle, Thomas (1795–1881)" ), ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online ed., 2008, accessed 10 Jan 2011.〕 Fraser's Magazine serialised it in 1833-1834. The text would first appear in volume form in Boston in 1836, its publication arranged by Ralph Waldo Emerson, who much admired the book and Carlyle. Emerson's savvy dealing with the overseas publishers would ensure Carlyle received high compensation that the novel did not attain in Britain. The first British edition would be published in London in 1838.〔Campbell, Ian. "Thomas Carlyle." ''Victorian Prose Writers Before 1867''. Ed. William B. Thesing. Detroit: Gale Research, 1987. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 55. Literature Resource Center. Web. 10 Jan. 2011.〕
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